Scripture instructs us to “take every thought captive” to the authority of Christ, which is revealed to us in 2 Corinthians 10:5 (ESV). By our own admission, though, few American Christians have given much thought to how our faith ought to inform our thinking about immigrants and immigration. A recent survey by LifeWay Research found that just 12% of American evangelicals cited the Bible as the primary influence on their thinking about immigration¹. When we allow the Scriptures to inform our views, though, we are challenged to recognize immigrants not as a problem to be solved but as blessings to be welcomed.

Many of the heroes in the narrative of the Bible — such as Abraham, Jacob, Moses, Ruth, David, Daniel, and Jesus — were immigrants themselves, but the Scriptures also give us models for how to respond to immigrants. Two contrasting models, found within just a few pages toward the end of Genesis and the beginning of Exodus, mirror closely the competing responses that Americans — including American Christians — have had toward immigrants since our nation’s founding: we can see the arrival of immigrants as an opportunity and respond with hospitality, or we can see immigrants as a threat and respond with hostility.

Joseph was an involuntary migrant, sold into slavery, and forced across a border into Egypt (Genesis 37:12-26); today, we would classify him a victim of human trafficking. While we can learn much from Joseph’s life, though, we also can learn from the response of the Egyptian king, Pharaoh, to this immigrant. Pharaoh recognized that Joseph, an immigrant, was uniquely “discerning and wise,” and that he thus had a lot to offer Egyptian society (Genesis 41:39). He exalted Joseph to be his second-in-command and gave him responsibility for famine relief, a task at which Joseph excelled. When Joseph’s brothers later migrate, seeking food, Pharaoh offers them the best of the land — and yet he is still looking out for an opportunity: he quietly asks Joseph to identify the most skilled shepherds from among his brothers to take charge of his own sheep, and he seeks the blessing of the patriarch Jacob (Genesis 47:5-6, 10). As theologian Justo Gonzalez has observed, Pharaoh recognized that an immigrant like Joseph could present a significant opportunity to the nation that received him, and he thus responded with hospitality.²

In the book of Exodus, though, we find a starkly different response to immigrants. Joseph and his generation died, and “there arose a new king over Egypt, who did not know Joseph” (Exodus 1:8, italics mine). Without the context of a personal relationship, this Pharaoh saw the significant numbers of Joseph’s ancestors, and he considered them a threat to his nation’s national security (Exodus 1:10). He didn’t want to deport the Israelites because he benefits economically from their labor, but he is unwilling to grant them the same rights as native-born Egyptians (Exodus 1:11-14). Eventually, this Pharaoh’s fear so escalates that he takes dramatic action, decreeing the genocide of all newborn Hebrew boys (Exodus 1:16). His response to these foreigners is seeing a threat and responding with hostility.

Just as it has been for centuries, American Christians have these same two options in front of us as immigrants arrive in our nation. A 2014 survey by the Public Religion Research Institute³ found that about six in ten Americans believe that immigrants strengthen the country, but a significant minority — and a slight majority of white evangelical Christians — view immigrants as a threat to traditional Americans values.

That evangelicals are actually more prone to view immigrants askance than the population as a whole is ironic, given that evangelicals profess a particular commitment to the authority of Scripture, which frequently and repeatedly calls God’s people to hospitality — literally, in the Greek of the New Testament, to the love of strangers.

Our views of immigrants should be shaped by a biblical anthropology, recognizing that because each immigrant is a person made in the image of God (Genesis 1:27), he or she has inherent dignity and remarkable potential. Much of immigration is driven by the desire to work, consistent with God’s design. As Joseph Sunde of the Action Institute notes, “We are made to build and innovate, share and collaborate, and immigrants of whatever skill set from whatever country or political system are born with that same creative capacity.”⁴

Those wary of immigrants tend to view the U.S. economy from a zero-sum perspective disproven by the discipline of economics. Rather than dividing the pie of the U.S. economy into smaller and smaller pieces for each U.S. citizen, immigrants help to grow the pie, contributing to the U.S. economy as consumers, taxpayers, workers, and entrepreneurs. As columnist Michael Gerson notes, immigrants “are not just mouths but hands and brains. They are a resource.”⁵ Economists almost universally share this view, with 96% polled by the Wall Street Journal affirming that immigration (and even illegal immigration in particular) has had a net positive impact on the U.S. economy.⁶

If Christians take the authority of Scripture seriously, we ought to apply the repeated command to “be not afraid” to our approach to immigrants, recognizing instead that the arrival of immigrants presents a unique opportunity. While the economic benefits of immigration contribute to human flourishing, though, I believe the greatest opportunity tied to migration is a missional opportunity.

Christ’s Great Commission compels us to “make disciples of all nations” (Matthew 28:19). While some certainly are called to join in God’s mission by going, we would be shortsighted to not recognize that “the nations” are present within our own communities. God’s work through migration — what missiologists call “diaspora mission”⁷— is multi-directional: many immigrants who arrive in the U.S. are already Christ-followers, and, as Juan Martinez of Fuller Theological Seminary notes, immigrants are agents as well as objects of mission.⁸ Others migrate to the U.S. as non-believers, or as adherents to other religions. In fact, by one estimate, there are more “unreached people groups” present in the United States than in any other country besides India or China.⁹

While there are important geopolitical and economic forces that have led people to migrate to the United States, the Apostle Paul suggests that above all these realities is the sovereign hand of God in the movement of people: “From one man [God] made every nation of men, that they should inhabit the whole earth; and he determined the times set for them and the exact places where they should live. God did this so that men would seek him and perhaps reach out for him and find him” (Acts 17:26-27 NIV 1984, italics mine).

Wesley Granberg-Michaelson observes that immigration may actually represent the hope of Christianity in the U.S.:

Much has been written about the way that growing numbers of “millennials” are walking away from the church. Yet while millennials are walking out the front door of U.S. congregations, immigrant Christian communities are appearing right around the corner, and sometimes knocking at the back door. And they may hold the key to vitality for American Christianity.¹⁰

Missiologist Timothy Tennent makes a similar observation:

86% of the immigrant population in North America are likely to either be Christians or become Christians. That’s far above the national average… The immigrant population actually presents the greatest hope for Christian renewal in North America. We shouldn’t see this as something that threatens us. We should see this as a wonderful opportunity.¹¹

We should see this as a wonderful opportunity. But too few do: less than half of American evangelical churches are involved at all in serving and reaching immigrant communities. Just one in five American evangelicals has ever been challenged by their local church to reach out to immigrants in their community. I suspect that is because, having taken our cues from media and politicians, rather than Scripture, many have misperceived immigrants as a threat.

The text does not tell us precisely how the story ends for the Pharaoh of Genesis, who saw the opportunity presented by the arrival of the immigrant Joseph and responded with hospitality. But, as we read on in Exodus, we learn things did not go well for the Pharaoh of the era whose response to foreigners was one of fear and hostility. If we are to take Scripture seriously and join God in his mission, we should recognize that immigration presents an opportunity, and therefore respond with hospitality.